Birds within the Paridae family often engage in mixed-species flocks (MSFs), which are congregations of birds from at least 2 different species who rest, forage, and travel together, amongst other activities (Johnson, 2018). These behaviors are accomplished through the critical communication network unique to MSFs that utilizes a variety of calls, signals, and alarms (Jung et al., 2017). Although it is accepted that many animals communicate within their own species, it is not well understood if wild animals communicate directly to species other than their own (Dutour et al., 2020). Past research has shown that animals of different species can interpret and respond appropriately to alarm calls, but the extent of call understanding and whether birds manipulate the way they communicate information depending on the recipient species is unknown (Johnson et al., 2018; Suzuki et al., 2018). This project aims to analyze audience effect (how the composition of audience influences performance of signalers) in the context of avian communication at the intraspecific and interspecific level (Gyger et al., 1986).